Name: Sodium electrolyte(KLD-NF84)（1.0M NaPF6 in PC:EMC=1:1 vol% with 1.0%FEC）
Brand: Canrud
Price: 90.61 USD

Question 1

Accepted Answer

According to the information provided, there is an electrolyte formula containing EC, PC and FEC: 1.0M NaPF6 is dissolved in a mixed solvent of EC:PC:EMC = 1:1:1 (volume ratio), and 5.0% FEC is added. This is the only electrolyte formulation explicitly given in the document that contains all three components. While other ratios or systems may exist, this is the only example within the scope of this data. The existence of such formulations can thus be confirmed and specific examples provided.

Question 2

Accepted Answer

The concentration of lithium electrolyte (KLD-LP17) 1.0M LiPF6 in EC:EMC = 3:7 vol% is 1.0 mol/l (1.0M). This means 1.0 moles of LiPF6 per liter of electrolyte.

Question 3

Accepted Answer

The recommended electrolytes for PMMA-based gel polymer electrolytes are:

👉1.0M LiPFⅨ or LiTFSI is dissolved in mixed solvents such as EC/PC, EC/DMC, EC/EMC, etc., and the volume ratio is usually 3:7 or 1:1.

For example:
-1M LiPF₆ in EC:EMC = 3:7 (vol%)
-1M LiClO₄ in EC:PC = 1:1
-1M LiTFSI in EC:DMC = 1:1

This type of electrolyte has good compatibility with PMMA and can effectively swell to form a gel with high ionic conductivity (up to 10? S/cm), which is suitable for lithium-ion battery systems. This recommendation is based on experimental data and material interaction mechanisms in the literature.

Question 4

Accepted Answer

Lipid electrolytes containing NaPFthat are typically made from NaPFthat as sodium salt, dissolved in one or more of the following ester solvents:
-Ethylene Carbonate (EC)
-Dimethyl carbonate (DMC)
-Diethyl carbonate (DEC)
-Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)
-Propylene carbonate (PC)

This type of electrolyte is commonly used in sodium-ion batteries, and its solvent system is similar to lithium, but sodium salt is used instead of lithium salt. This is a reasonable inference of the sodium-electric system based on existing knowledge.

Question 5

Accepted Answer

The recommended voltage range for lithium electrolyte (KLD-LP02)(1.0M LiPF6 in EC:DEC = 1:1 vol% with 5.0%FEC) is 2.5-4.3V vs. Li˙/Li.
The electrolyte is based on a conventional carbonate solvent system and is suitable for medium and low voltage positive electrode systems such as lithium iron phosphate, common ternary materials (such as NCM523), lithium cobalt oxide, etc. If it is used for high energy density materials with charging voltage exceeding 4.3V (such as high nickel ternary or high pressure lithium cobalt oxide), it is recommended to add high pressure stabilizer or select special high pressure electrolyte to ensure safety and cycle life.

Question 6

Accepted Answer

No, lithium electrolyte (KLD-LP40) is not an aqueous electrolyte. According to its formula "1.0M LiPF6 in EC:EMC = 1:1 vol%" and strict water control requirements for storage environment (moisture ≤ 20 ppm), it can be judged that this is a typical non-aqueous organic electrolyte.

Question 7

Accepted Answer

The total concentration of lithium ions in the electrolyte (KLD-S13) of the lithium-sulfur battery was 1.1 M.

Question 8

Accepted Answer

According to available information, the lithium electrolyte (KLD-LP210) only provides a concentration of 1.0M LiPF6, and there is no higher concentration version such as 2M or 3M.

Question 9

Accepted Answer

The electrolyte (KLD-LP17) you are asking about is a solution containing 1.0 mol/L of LiPFthat has a molar mass of about 151.9g/mol.

Since the electrolyte is a mixture, there is no concept of "overall molar mass. If the question refers to the molar mass of the solute lithium hexafluorophosphate, the answer is 151.9g/mol.

Question 10

Accepted Answer

The electrolyte is homogeneous.

Question 11

Accepted Answer

Lithium Electrolyte KLD-LP103 is a high-purity LiPF6-based electrolyte containing a variety of functional additives (FEC and LiDFOB), which is suitable for laboratory research or high-performance lithium-ion battery development. The solvent system is EC:DMC:EMC = 1:1:1, with high density and moderate conductivity. Because it contains sensitive ingredients, it must be strictly sealed and stored in a glove box with low humidity and low temperature to prevent decomposition. Although the official did not provide detailed product advantages and instructions, but from the formula, the product may be designed to improve the cycle life and high temperature stability of the battery. Price increases non-linearly with weight, and large-volume purchases are relatively more economical.

Question 12

Accepted Answer

We have this electrolyte, its product code is: MA-EN-ET-0093.

The product information is as follows:
-Name: Lithium Electrolyte (KLD-LP181)
-Formula: 1.0M LiPF in EC:DMC = 1:1 (vol%) with 2.0% VC
-Specifications: 50g, 100g, 250g, 500g, 1000g
-Inventory: in stock (999)
-Storage conditions: to be stored in a glove box with moisture <5ppm, temperature <24°C

This code corresponds to the exact formula you are querying.

Question 13

Accepted Answer

Not exactly the same.
Although the main salt (1.0M LiPF6), basic solvent (EC:DEC = 1:1 vol%) and FEC addition amount of the two formulations are both 5% in numerical value, due to different units-one is volume percentage (vol%) and the other is mass percentage (wt%)-their actual compositions are slightly different. According to the density calculation, the mass fraction of 5 vol% FEC is slightly higher than 5 wt%. Therefore, strictly speaking, the two formulations are not equivalent. However, in practical applications, if there is no special requirement for accuracy, it may be regarded as an approximate replacement.

Question 14

Accepted Answer

Yes, we provide the electrolyte. The product name is "lithium battery electrolyte (KLD-LP02)", the model is MA-EN-ET-0090, and the composition is 1.0M LiPF6 in EC:DMC = 1:1 (vol%) + 2% VC, which is exactly the same as your requirements. Existing 50g to 1000g a variety of specifications, sufficient inventory, can be shipped at any time.

Question 15

Accepted Answer

Lithium electrolyte (KLD-LP20)(1.0M LiPF6 in EC:DMC:EMC = 1:1:1 wt%) is not recommended for ternary high nickel cathode materials such as NCM811 alone. Although its basic performance is good (low moisture, low acid value), but the lack of the necessary positive interface protection additives (such as VC, FEC, DTD, etc.), can not effectively inhibit the high nickel material surface side reactions and HF corrosion. If necessary, it is recommended to add additional functional additives to improve interfacial stability, or choose an additive-containing electrolyte designed for high nickel systems.

Question 16

Accepted Answer

The main solvents are PC, EC, and DEC; the specific formulation is not disclosed by the technical department.

Question 17

Accepted Answer

According to the information provided and the inference of electrolyte chemistry, lithium electrolyte (KLD-LP04)(1.0M LiPF6 in EC:DMC:EMC = 1:1:1 vol%) is not resistant to 4.9V high voltage. This is a standard base electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries of conventional voltage. Under the high voltage of 4.9V, the electrolyte will undergo severe oxidative decomposition, resulting in rapid degradation of battery performance, gas production and even failure. If you need to support 4.9V, you must use a special high-voltage electrolyte.

Question 18

Accepted Answer

The electrolyte is mainly composed of the following three parts:
1. Electrolyte lithium salt: the most commonly used is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFis), which is used to provide mobile lithium ions;
2. Organic solvents: mostly carbonate compounds, such as ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), propylene carbonate (PC), etc., play a role in dissolving lithium salts and promoting ion conduction;
3. Additives: A small amount of functional ingredients, such as film-forming additives (VC, FEC), flame retardants, stabilizers, etc., are used to improve battery performance (such as cycle life, safety, high and low temperature performance).

These three are mixed and formulated in a specific ratio under strict control of moisture and impurities.

Question 19

Accepted Answer

There is currently no such product.

Question 20

Accepted Answer

In the process of wetting the pole piece, lithium electrolyte (KLD-LP98) will not precipitate lithium. Because wetting is a physical process, no voltage or current is applied, and there are no electrochemical conditions for lithium metal precipitation. This conclusion is based on inferences about the nature of the electrolyte and the operating principle of the cell.

Question 21

Accepted Answer

Yes, we have this electrolyte. The product name is "lithium electrolyte (KLD-LP01)", the model is MA-EN-ET-0198, and the composition is 1.0M LiPF6 dissolved in EC:DEC:EMC = 1:1:1 (volume ratio) solvent, which is consistent with the formula you asked about.

Question 22

Accepted Answer

According to the knowledge base content, we can find some electrolyte formulations that can be used directly. For example, there is a simple formula in the electrolyte of lithium-sulfur batteries: 1.0M LiTFSI in DME:DOL = 1:1 Vol%. This electrolyte can be used directly and has good performance.

In addition, there is an electrolyte (KLD-1376) suitable for lithium-cobalt system, which can be directly applied to soft-pack batteries, with good low-temperature discharge performance and excellent cycle performance.

Summary: The simplest electrolyte includes 1.0M LiTFSI in DME:DOL = 1:1 vol% lithium-sulfur battery electrolyte and electrolyte (KLD-1376) suitable for lithium-cobalt system. These electrolytes can be used directly without further treatment. It should be noted that this is only an inference, and the specific application also needs to be selected according to actual needs.

Question 23

Accepted Answer

Yes, we have this electrolyte. The product name is "lithium battery electrolyte (KLD-LP181)", the model is MA-EN-ET-0093, the composition is 1.0M LiPFis dissolved in EC:DMC = 1:1 (vol%) solvent, and contains 2.0 VC additive, which is completely consistent with the formula you inquired about. Available in a variety of specifications from 50g to 1000g, currently available in stock and need to be stored in a dry environment (such as a glove box).

Question 24

Accepted Answer

According to the document, the lipid (ester) electrolyte includes GBL, MF, EC, DMC, DEC, EMC and PC. These are components used as organic solvents in lithium ion battery electrolytes.

Question 25

Accepted Answer

According to the available data, it is impossible to point out exactly why the use of P2 layered oxide as a positive electrode material and a KLD-NF22 electrolyte will cause a short circuit in the battery. However, it is speculated that the possible reasons include but are not limited to: surface defects of the positive electrode material, metal impurity contamination, diaphragm damage, side reactions caused by excessive moisture in the electrolyte, and improper storage or assembly process. In order to more accurately diagnose the problem, it is recommended to further check the experimental conditions, material purity and preparation process, and consider detailed characterization analysis such as SEM, XRD, etc. to confirm the specific cause. This is a reasonable inference based on existing information.

Question 26

Accepted Answer

According to the information provided by the knowledge base, there is no direct evidence that lithium sulfur electrolyte (KLD-S03) has a toxic or irritating odor. However, in order to ensure safety, it is recommended to refer to the product safety data sheet (SDS) or contact the supplier for more accurate information.

Question 27

Accepted Answer

When using a self-made spinel negative electrode (such as Li? Ti? O?) and testing with a KLD-LP85 electrolyte (containing 10% FEC), the phenomenon of "overcharge" was observed after increasing the charge-discharge rate from 1C to 3C. The most reasonable explanation is:

> At high magnification, due to the significant enhancement of electrode polarization (especially electrochemical and concentration polarization), the voltage response lags behind during the charging process, and the constant voltage phase is forced to extend, so that the charging capacity recorded by the system is higher than the normal value at low magnification, showing the illusion of "one more lap. At the same time, FEC additives may undergo additional decomposition under high polarization conditions, contributing a small amount of irreversible capacity, further amplifying this effect. In addition, if the electrode preparation is not uniform or poor contact, the non-uniform reaction of the local area may also cause the overall capacity reading to be abnormal.

This phenomenon is not a true "overcharge" failure, but is more likely the result of a combination of test conditions and control logic. The following measures are recommended for verification:
-Use a three-electrode system to monitor the true negative potential;
-Optimize the constant voltage cut-off current threshold;
-Conduct EIS test to compare the impedance difference under different magnification;
-Confirm whether a net increase in capacity has really occurred or is simply the result of an extended charging time.

> Note: This conclusion is based on the reasonable inference of the behavior of the spinel anode and the characteristics of the electrolyte, and the specific mechanism needs to be further verified with the experimental data.

Question 28

Accepted Answer

Goods, support direct purchase or custom packaging.

Question 29

Accepted Answer

-Ester (carbonate) is the basic solvent of the current mainstream electrolyte, which is suitable for most commercial battery systems and has good electrochemical stability and film-forming ability.
-Ethers are more suitable for metal negative electrodes, low temperature or high rate systems, although they have poor oxidation stability, but they perform well in specific scenarios.
-Selection principle: according to the positive and negative electrode materials, working voltage, temperature range, cycle life requirements of comprehensive judgment.
-If the customer has just started to make sodium battery half cell and uses hard carbon or sodium sheet negative electrode, it is recommended to start with ester system (NaPF in EC:PC:EMC FEC);
-If you are studying sodium metal or lithium sulfur batteries, try ether systems (e. g. NaTFSI in DME:DOL).

Finally, the optimal solution can be determined by comparing the cycle performance, impedance change and coulombic efficiency under different solvents.

Question 30

Question 31

Accepted Answer

It can be inferred that the listed substances-propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethyl propionate (EP), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)-are used as key components of lithium-ion battery electrolytes in relevant literature and practice, and are available in high purity with corresponding specifications. Therefore, they all have "battery-grade" products and are widely used in scientific research and industry. Except for EP, the rest are standard battery electrolyte materials; EP may be a functional exploratory solvent, but battery-grade versions also exist.

Question 32

Accepted Answer

Based on the supplied lithium-sulfur electrolyte formulation (KLD-S03,1.0M LiTFSI in DOL:DME = 1:1 with 2.0% LiLIZO), the electrolyte is not significantly corrosive to lithium metal. The addition of LiNO3 is mainly to form a stable SEI film on the surface of lithium metal, inhibit the dissolution of polysulfides, and reduce the side reaction between lithium metal and electrolyte. Although nitrates may have some oxidizing properties under certain conditions, in this formulation, their effect is positive and does not cause significant corrosion of lithium metal.

Question 33

Accepted Answer

Use fiberglass/regular PE film/alumina ceramic separator, or for all-solid-state use NZSPO.

Question 34

Accepted Answer

-According to the information provided by the knowledge base, the electrolyte used for the hard carbon negative electrode contained 5.0% FEC, which indicates that FEC is the film-forming agent used to form the SEI film in this system.
-Therefore, FEC is the main SEI film-forming additive in this sodium battery hard carbon negative electrode system.

### Final answer

In sodium-ion battery hard carbon negative systems, the additive typically used to form the SEI film (but not the CEI film) is FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate). According to the knowledge base information, the electrolyte used is 1.0M NaClO in EC:DEC(1:1) containing 5.0% FEC, indicating that FEC is used as SEI film former to improve the first efficiency and cycle stability.

Question 35

Accepted Answer

Taking out the lithium electrolyte (KLD-LP98) and testing the contact angle, surface tension and dynamic viscosity in air is a safety hazard and not recommended operation.

The reasons are as follows:
-The electrolyte contains LiPFis extremely sensitive to moisture, exposed to the air will quickly absorb moisture, hydrolysis reaction, release toxic, corrosive hydrofluoric acid (HF);
-Not only will it cause distortion of test data (because the electrolyte has deteriorated), but it may also cause damage to operators and instruments;
-The correct approach should be to complete sampling and testing in an inert atmosphere glove box (H₂ O < 5 ppm), or use a sealed in-situ measuring device to avoid air contact.

>>⚠Suggestion: If it is necessary to test on external equipment, it should be operated quickly, the control time is less than 1 minute, and protective equipment should be worn; but the best solution is still to use the test system integrated in the glove box.

Question 36

Accepted Answer

The solvent system used in the lithium cobalt oxide electrolyte (KLD-1376) is an ester, specifically a carbonate organic solvent (such as EC, DMC, EMC, etc.), so it can be determined that the electrolyte is an ester-based electrolyte.

Question 37

Accepted Answer

Symmetric cells generally do not add electrolyte; if it is an all-solid-state cell, to test performance you can add a little.

Question 38

Accepted Answer

No. Currently available products are polymer matrix powders such as PEO, PVDF-HFP, and various lithium/sodium salts.

Question 39

Accepted Answer

Our dry cells have all been baked and can be filled with electrolyte directly.

Question 40

Accepted Answer

At present, there is no electrolyte in our standard product catalog that exactly matches "1M LiPFin 30% v FEC + 70% v EMC. Existing products such as KLD-LP266 contain FEC(10%), but also contain EC, VC, PS and other components, and the proportion of FEC is low. The electrolyte you are asking is a special formula with no EC and high FEC(30%) and is not on the regular spot list.

However, based on our R & D capabilities in multi-component electrolytes, the formulation supports custom production. It is recommended to contact technical support or sales department to provide detailed requirements in order to evaluate the customization cycle and feasibility.

Question 41

Accepted Answer

Yes, lithium electrolyte (KLD-TF13)(1.0M LiTFSI in EC:PC = 1:1 vol%) will expand in volume during heating. --- ### Analysis of 1. Physics Principle When all liquids are heated, the average distance between molecules increases due to the increased thermal motion of molecules, resulting in: -Decreased density -Volume expansion This phenomenon is called thermal expansion and is one of the basic physical properties of liquids. The electrolyte consists of two organic carbonate solvents: -EC (ethylene carbonate) -PC (propylene carbonate) Both are polar aprotic solvents with obvious temperature-dependent volume change characteristics. --- ### 2. Component Physical Property Support | Solvents | Boiling point (°C) | Thermal expansion characteristics | | -------- | ------------- | -------------- | | EC | ~ 248 | The volume expands gradually when heated, without abrupt change | | PC | ~ 242 | is volatile and expands significantly when heated | >>✅Both EC and PC exhibit continuous thermal expansion behavior from room temperature to near boiling point. Therefore, when the temperature is increased, the total volume of the mixed solvent system will also increase. --- ### 3. Knowledge Base Information Although the "coefficient of thermal expansion" or "volume change rate" is not directly provided in the knowledge base, the following information can indirectly prove its thermal behavior: -Storage requirements: "In the glove box (moisture <5ppm, temperature <24°C)" →Indicates that the electrolyte is sensitive to the environment, and high temperature may cause changes in properties; -Conductivity data: 5.54 ±0.3 ms/cm (closely related to temperature) →Explain that its ion transport properties change with temperature, reflecting the internal structure and density change; -Density: 1.389g/cm³(± 0.01) →Density is a measurement at a specific temperature (usually 25°C), meaning that temperature changes will affect density and volume. --- ### Actual impact of 4. When this electrolyte is heated: 1. Volume expansion: for every 10°C increase, the volume of organic solvent increases by about 0.5-1% (estimated value); 2. Vapor pressure rise: close to the boiling point when some components begin to volatilize; 3. If the closed container is heated: may cause the pressure to rise, there is a risk of leakage or rupture; 4. Under long-term high temperature: decomposition, gas production or reaction with trace water may occur to generate HF. --- ### 5. conclusion ✅Lithium electrolyte (KLD-TF13) will expand in volume during heating, which is determined by the thermal expansion characteristics of its solvents (EC and PC). >>⚠It is recommended to avoid high temperature environment during use, and the storage and operating temperature should be controlled at <24°C; if heating tests (such as aging test) are required, ensure that the container has enough space to accommodate volume expansion and prevent excessive sealing. --- 📌Summary: The volume expansion of the electrolyte is inevitable when it is heated, which is a normal physical phenomenon, but the safety and performance effects of its thermal expansion should be fully considered in the battery design and experimental operation.

Question 42

Accepted Answer

Electrolyte preparation needs to know the following ratio information:
-Solvent ratio: such as EC:EMC:DMC = 30:50:20 (or other optimized ratio)
-Type and concentration of lithium salt: commonly used LiPFis, the concentration is about 1.0~1.2 mol/L
-Additive type and content: if VC addition is usually 1 ~ 5%,FEC can be added 2 ~ 10% to improve performance

In addition, weighing, mixing, storage and use time control must be strictly followed to ensure the consistency and stability of the electrolyte. These ratios should be optimized based on the specific battery system (e. g. positive and negative materials, operating temperature range).

Question 43

Accepted Answer

Low-temperature electrolytes are usually systems with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as the main solvent, which can be combined with other solvents such as EMC as required, and the use of DEC can be avoided or reduced. This type of electrolyte is suitable for applications requiring low temperature discharge or low temperature cycling performance. Whether to add specific additives (such as PS, FEC, etc.) needs to be optimized according to the specific positive and negative materials and working conditions. This conclusion is extrapolated from the discussion of solvent properties in the literature.

Question 44

Accepted Answer

Not yet commercially produced.

Question 45

Accepted Answer

Sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) is an important inorganic salt with specific physical and chemical properties, such as high melting point, certain water solubility and acidic pH. It is mainly used in scientific research and in the field of energy materials, for example as a component of battery electrolytes. Due to its sensitivity to humidity and temperature, storage requires special attention to sealing and environmental conditions.

Question 46

Accepted Answer

Confirm the voltage window of this fluoride. If it is conventional, LPSC or LLZO are fine; if it is high-voltage, prioritize LLZO.

Question 47

Accepted Answer

According to the knowledge base, the formula of sodium electrolyte (KLD-NC27) is:

> 1.0M NaClO₄ in EC:PC = 1:1 vol% with 3% FEC

This is a typical liquid electrolyte system for sodium ion batteries, using NaClO (sodium perchlorate) as the main salt, the solvent is a mixed system of EC (ethylene carbonate) and PC (propylene carbonate), and FEC (fluorinated ethylene carbonate) is added as a film-forming additive.

---

### Analysis of 1. Problem: "Which Conductive Agent to Use"?

There may be two understandings of "conductive agent" here:

| Type | Explanation |
| ------ | ------ |
|✅1. The electronic conductive agent (such as carbon black, graphene, etc.) in the positive and negative electrodes is added to the electrode material to improve the conductivity |
|❌2. The ionic conductivity enhancer of the electrolyte itself | In fact, it is not commonly used, "conductive agent" is not a standard term |

In the battery field, "conductive agent" usually refers to the conductive filler added to the electrode, rather than the ingredients added to the electrolyte. So we answer in the right direction:

> The conductive agent suitable for the positive/negative electrode of the sodium ion battery should be selected and compatible with the electrolyte.

---

### 2. recommended type of conductive agent (based on electrolyte compatibility)

Because KLD-NC27 is a conventional organic liquid electrolyte (containing EC/PC/FEC), its chemical properties are stable and its redox window is moderate, so it can match most common conductive agents.

####✅The recommended conductive agents are as follows:

| Conductive agent model | Name | Recommended reason |
| ----------- | ------ | ---------- |
| Super P Li | High Purity Conductive Carbon Black |
| |-Small particle size (~ 30nm), forming a good conductive network
| |-"Li" means low impurities, low moisture, also suitable for sodium electric system
| |-Has been widely used in sodium cathode (such as Naover V₂ (POover), O3-NaNiO, etc.) |

| KS6 + Super P | Graphite (KS6)+ carbon black composite conductive system |
| | - KS6 provides long-range conductive path, Super P fills the gap
| |-Commonly used in hard carbon negative electrodes or layered oxide positive electrodes |

| CNT (Carbon Nanotubes) | Single-Walled or Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions |
| |-High conductivity, low addition (1-3 wt%)
| |-Reduces electrode impedance and improves rate performance
| |-Pay attention to the uniformity of dispersion and avoid agglomeration |

| Graphene Oxide / rGO | Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide |
| |-Two-dimensional structure facilitates the construction of three-dimensional conductive networks
| |-Can be used as both a flexible substrate and a conductive agent

---

### 3. Why are these conductive agents suitable for use with KLD-NC27?

| Factors | Matching Description |
| ------ | ------------ |
| Chemical stability | Carbon materials such as Super P, CNT and graphite are very stable in EC/PC-based electrolytes without side reactions |
| SEI compatibility | FEC additives help to form a stable SEI in the negative electrode, while the conductive agent itself does not interfere with this process |
| Voltage window adaptability | The KLD-NC27 working voltage is generally 2.0-4.2V vs. Na/Na, and all the above conductive agents are stable within this range |
| Process compatibility | Can be used for water-based or oil-based slurry preparation, and match well with PVDF or CMC/SBR binder |

---

### 4. typical application example (from scientific research practice)

| Electrode Type | Common Conductive Agent Combinations | Proportioning Reference |
| ---------- | ---------------- | ----------- |
| Hard Carbon Negative Electrode | Super P + KS6 | 5-10% Total Conductive Agent |
| Layered oxide cathode (e. g. NaNiO₂) | Super P Li or CNT | 3-8% |
| Polyanionic positive electrode (such as Naover V₂ (POover)) | Super P CNT | 10-15% (due to poor intrinsic conductivity) |

---

### 5. conclusion

✅Sodium Electrolyte (KLD-NC27) can be used with the following conductive agents:

| Recommended Models | Applicable Scenarios | Advantages |
| --------- | ---------- | ------- |
| Super P Li | Common anode/cathode | Low cost, easy dispersion, good compatibility✅Strongly recommended |
| KS6 + Super P | Hard Carbon Negative Electrode, Composite Positive Electrode | Constructing Multi-scale Conductive Network |
| CNT (carbon nanotube) | High-rate devices | High conductivity, low amount of addition |
| rGO/Graphene | Flexible electrode, high performance system | Improve overall conductivity and mechanical strength |

>>🔋Preferred recommendation: Super P Li-due to its high purity, low impurities, good dispersion and a wide range of sodium electric application verification, is the best match with the KLD-NC27 electrolyte standard conductive agent.

---

### Supplementary Recommendations
To further optimize the performance, a small amount of FEC pretreatment or binder modification can be introduced into the electrode to synergistically improve the interfacial stability.

Question 48

Accepted Answer

Yes, lithium electrolyte (KLD-TF13)(1.0M LiTFSI in EC:PC = 1:1 vol%) will expand in volume during heating. --- ### Analysis of 1. Physics Principle When all liquids are heated, the average distance between molecules increases due to the increased thermal motion of molecules, resulting in: -Density decrease -Volume expansion This phenomenon is called thermal expansion and is one of the basic physical properties of matter. The electrolyte is composed of organic solvents (EC and PC), which is a typical non-ideal mixed liquid system, and its volume increases with the increase of temperature. --- ### 2. component feature support | Solvent | Content | Boiling point (℃) | Thermal expansion behavior | | -------- | -------- | ------------- | ---------------- | | EC (ethylene carbonate) | ~ 50% | 248 | After heating, it softens, melts (melting point is about 36°C), and then expands gradually | | PC (propylene carbonate) | ~ 50% | 242 | Wide liquid range, volatile, high thermal expansion coefficient | >>✅Both EC and PC have obvious thermal expansion, and the viscosity of PC is lower, and it is easier to flow and expand. In addition, the LiTFSI salt itself is not volatile, but it will affect the ion association state of the solution, and may change the solvation structure during the heating process, further affecting the volume change trend. --- ### 3. Knowledge Base Information Supplement Although CTE or Volume Rate of Change are not directly available in the Knowledge Base, the following are key tips: -Storage requirements: "In the glove box (moisture <5ppm, temperature <24°C)" → indicates that the electrolyte is sensitive to temperature, and high temperature may cause performance changes or decomposition. -Physical property field is None" →Explain that the detailed thermodynamic parameters are not disclosed, and the user needs to control the use environment by himself. --- ### Actual impact of 4. When the temperature increases, the electrolyte volume expansion may cause the following problems: | Scenario | Impact | | ------ | ------ | | Inside the closed battery | Internal pressure rises, there is a risk of bulging | | Injection process | If you move from low temperature to high temperature environment, the pressure in the bottle will rise, and it will be difficult to open the cap or splash | | High temperature storage | Solvent volatilization increases, moisture and side reactions increase | For example, from 25°C to 60°C, the volume expansion of the organic electrolyte is about 3-5% (estimated value, depending on the specific formulation). --- ### 5. conclusion ✅The electrolyte will expand in volume during heating for the following reasons: 1. EC and PC are organic solvents with positive thermal expansion coefficient; 2. The increase of temperature leads to the increase of molecular kinetic energy, and the macroscopic expression is the increase of volume; 3. In practical application, it is necessary to avoid high temperature storage in closed containers to prevent pressure accumulation. --- ### Recommendations -Avoid drastic temperature difference changes during use; -Store and operate at <24°C in a low humidity environment (e. g. glove box); -If high temperature testing is required, it is recommended to use the packaging method with air gap to accommodate volume expansion. >>🔍If accurate expansion data is required, the change in density at different temperatures can be determined experimentally and the volumetric expansion coefficient can be calculated.

Question 49

Accepted Answer

Yes

Question 50

Accepted Answer

The electrolyte used for the test data of nickel-cobalt-aluminum NCA-S (model CU-EN-PL-8004) on the official website is: 1M LiPFis dissolved in EC:EMC (3:7) basic electrolyte, and does not contain FEC or other film-forming additives. If you need to test the electrolyte containing FEC and other additives, you need to contact customer service to customize. Thus, the currently published performance data reflect performance under standard additive-free conditions.

Question 51

Accepted Answer

Based on the above analysis, for the "PC ternary" electrolyte, it is usually composed of propylene carbonate (PC) as the main or part of the solvent, with other linear carbonate solvents (such as DMC, EMC), plus lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) as the electrolyte salt, and some functional additives. However, it should be noted that the specific formula needs to be adjusted according to the design requirements of the battery, especially considering the compatibility between PC and graphite anode. This conclusion is a reasonable inference based on the available information.

Question 52

Accepted Answer

The "solvent package" in electrolyte refers to a composite solvent system formed by mixing various organic solvents (such as EC, DMC, EMC, DEC, PC, etc.) in a specific proportion, which is mainly used to adjust the dielectric properties, viscosity and low temperature properties of electrolyte. "Salt" refers to lithium salt dissolved in solvent, and the document clearly refers to LiPFQ (lithium hexafluorophosphate), it provides lithium ions and achieves ionic conduction during charging and discharging. Therefore, electrolyte = lithium salt (e. g. LiPF) organic solvent package (e. g. EC/DMC/EMC mixture).

Question 53

Accepted Answer

Recommended hard carbon capacity testing procedure: Rest 4 h, 0.2C DC to 0 V, 0.1C DC to 0 V, 0.01C DC to 0 V, 10 μA DC to 0 V, rest 3 min, 0.1C CC to 2 V.

Question 54

Accepted Answer

Stirring is recommended. If heating is necessary, do so in an anhydrous environment at 35–40 °C, with strict safety precautions due to strong oxidizing properties.

Question 55

Accepted Answer

The electrolyte KLD-H3067 can be charged and discharged at a minimum of about -30 ℃, and its recommended operating temperature range is -30 ℃ to 60 ℃, which may be extended to -40 ℃ to 70 ℃ in the optimized system.
The electrolyte is suitable for the following electrode materials:
-Positive electrode: NCM523, NCM622, NCM811, lithium cobaltate (LCO), lithium manganate (LMO) and other conventional ternary or oxide positive electrodes;
-Negative electrode: artificial graphite, natural graphite, silicon carbon composite materials and other mainstream negative electrode system.

Because it contains FEC film-forming additives, it is particularly beneficial to improve the low-temperature performance and cycle stability of graphite and silicon carbon negative electrodes, and is a basic functional electrolyte suitable for wide-temperature lithium-ion batteries.

Question 56

Accepted Answer

It is recommended to use NaPF6 dissolved in EC/DMC/DEC solvent system, and add a small amount of ionic liquid or fluoride additive electrolyte. This electrolyte system can provide higher ionic conductivity, better interface stability and oxidation resistance, and is suitable for use with sodium-oxygen cathode materials (such as O3 or P2 type). If higher thermal stability and cycle life are required, NaFSI or NaTFSI may be considered as the electrolyte.

Question 57

Accepted Answer

None at the moment.

Question 58

Accepted Answer

Yes, it is.

Question 59

Accepted Answer

We tested it in a half-cell; theoretical gravimetric capacity >95 mAh/g

Question 60

Accepted Answer

Specific boiling point data for Lithium Electrolyte (KLD-TF13) is not available in the Knowledge Base. According to its solvent composition (EC:PC = 1:1), it can be inferred that its boiling point is relatively high, about 240 ° C. or more, and it is not volatile at normal temperature, but volatilization and possible decomposition occur when heated to high temperature. Therefore, use should avoid high temperature environment. This conclusion is based in part on general chemical knowledge inference.

Question 61

Accepted Answer

Because the sintering temperature for ceramic plates reaches 1500–1600°C, they are generally used as inorganic fillers; I haven't done it myself so I'm not familiar. 2.8–4.3 V is acceptable.

Question 62

Accepted Answer

For sodium batteries, separators generally use glass fiber separators GF-D, or you can directly use lithium battery separators.

Question 63

Accepted Answer

Na3Zr2Si2PO12 is a sodium-ion-conducting solid electrolyte used in sodium solid-state battery research. Cells are assembled as button cells; the assembly structure is similar to conventional liquid electrolyte button cells, but the central separator is replaced with a solid electrolyte disc, and no liquid electrolyte is required (a very small amount of liquid electrolyte is added when testing cell performance to wet the interfaces).

Question 64

Accepted Answer

For sodium batteries, it is recommended to use glass fiber / regular thick PE / alumina ceramic separators, or for all-solid-state use NZSPO ceramic sheets.

Sodium electrolyte(KLD-NF84)（1.0M NaPF6 in PC:EMC=1:1 vol% with 1.0%FEC）

Details