Name: High and low temperature test chamber (80L,-60 ℃)
Brand: Canrud

Question 1

Accepted Answer

The test temperature depends on the battery test items required, but tests are generally conducted at room temperature.

Question 2

Accepted Answer

Wetting is affected by electrolyte composition, viscosity, amount, electrode density, temperature, time, and vacuum conditions. Solutions include using low-viscosity solvents, adjusting salt concentration, increasing electrolyte volume, reducing electrode density, and applying vacuum or elevated temperature aging.

Question 3

Accepted Answer

rest 4h, 0.2C DC to 0V, 0.1C DC to 0V, 0.01C DC to 0V, 10μA DC to 0V, rest 3 min, 0.1C CC to 2V. This is the test procedure.

Question 4

Accepted Answer

Such fluctuations are generally caused by insufficient battery stability. Did the customer previously assemble batteries of other systems, and were those test results stable?

Question 5

Accepted Answer

The ionic conductivity of the pure polymer is not very high; consider adding fillers yourself to improve it.

Question 6

Accepted Answer

Between 800 and 900 degrees Celsius

Question 7

Accepted Answer

High molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, low catalyst residue, can be completely dissolved in water.

Question 8

Accepted Answer

NZSPO — this is a relatively mainstream and mature sodium-ion solid electrolyte technology at present. Regarding stability, it is stable across a voltage range of 0–4.5 V; it is stable at high voltage, and at low voltage it undergoes some reduction and valence change, but this does not greatly affect battery performance. If examining the mechanism microscopically, the low-voltage behavior may involve valence changes at the nanolayer level.

Question 9

Accepted Answer

It is battery-grade purity and can be used directly to assemble batteries. There is no percentage value; the material has been carbon-coated and has extremely low impurity content.

Question 10

Accepted Answer

Our graphite electrode test results are on the official website

Question 11

Accepted Answer

Causes include high surface area materials absorbing binder, low solid content, fast solvent evaporation, insufficient binder, and excessive coating thickness. Solutions involve formulation and process optimization.

Question 12

Accepted Answer

LiCl is hygroscopic in air; brief exposure can be reversed by reheating to remove crystalline water, but prolonged exposure to humid air will cause further decomposition. It is stable at room temperature; it has not been tested at high temperatures.

Question 13

Accepted Answer

There are no specific gold-sputtering parameters because instruments vary, but there is an evaluation criterion: after gold plating, use a multimeter to test the resistance between any two points; values close to 1 ohm are ideal. The lower the vacuum during gold sputtering, the better. Continuous runs are not recommended because the plating equipment can become hot inside, and temperature will affect the evaporation/plating results.

Question 14

Accepted Answer

This material itself has no capacity. The ionic conductivity hasn't been specifically measured; the data are for reference only, since this product is generally used as an inorganic filler. If you want to sinter it into a pellet to measure ionic conductivity, the sintering temperature needs to reach 1500–1600°C, which requires high-spec equipment.

Question 15

Accepted Answer

PVA or PVB used as binders for preparing electrolyte sheets require a temperature plateau for binder removal during the sintering of the electrolyte sheet, rather than a single-step ramp to high temperature. If binder removal is incomplete, polymer carbonization results in excessive carbon residue in the electrolyte sheet.

Question 16

Accepted Answer

Cold pressing at 300 MPa, holding a pressure of 30 MPa during testing.

Question 17

Accepted Answer

The separators inside dry battery cells are ceramic-coated separators; baking at 85°C is fine.

Question 18

Accepted Answer

This temperature is fine.

Question 19

Accepted Answer

Tablet pressing pressure is too high, internal stress is excessive, making it prone to cracking. Also affected by the sintering process, density is not high. Need to adjust temperature to increase crystallographic density, and need to suppress lithium volatilization.

Question 20

Accepted Answer

We are very sorry — we really don't know. These two materials are both produced by companies that rank among the top three in the industry; they do not disclose any production technical details externally.

Question 21

Accepted Answer

Demand for LLZO-coated separators is currently low; they require customization. The minimum order quantity for customization is 5,000 m².

Question 22

Accepted Answer

Sulfide and halide electrolyte systems can use lithium-indium as the negative electrode, but oxide systems are more suitable for graphite and low-silicon negative electrodes.

Question 23

Accepted Answer

Symmetric cells generally do not add electrolyte; if it is an all-solid-state cell, to test performance you can add a little.

Question 24

Accepted Answer

We haven't measured this data; the customer needs to test it themselves.

Question 25

Accepted Answer

Yes, it can be used; for the exact wiring, have the instructor contact the electrochemical workstation's technical support.

Question 26

Accepted Answer

This separator is the Celgard 2500 separator. We ourselves have not tested it the way the customer did. When we use it, we assemble cells directly and test cell performance.

Question 27

Accepted Answer

Lithium cobalt oxide (high-voltage type) - Z-4.45V

Question 28

Accepted Answer

The ternary electrolyte from the official website

Question 29

Accepted Answer

LiFePO₄ has low conductivity. Carbon-coated aluminum foil reduces internal resistance, improves adhesion, and helps prevent electrode cracking.

Question 30

Accepted Answer

In half-cells, all tested materials act as the cathode, while lithium metal is the anode. Charging corresponds to delithiation of the test material; discharging corresponds to lithiation.

Question 31

Accepted Answer

Vacuum at 40°C. For pouch cells you generally don't need to dry after tab welding; soft packs have a drying process step.

Question 32

Accepted Answer

The sintering temperature of LLTO is generally around 1100–1300°C; the optimal sintering temperature needs to be determined experimentally — we can only provide a rough reference range.

Question 33

Accepted Answer

Voltage plateau is influenced by material properties, formulation, electrolyte ionic conductivity, and applied current. Higher current leads to greater polarization and lower voltage.

Question 34

Accepted Answer

[Main reasons for PVDF slurry discoloration] High temperature or alkaline groups (free amine concentration in NMP). The presence of alkaline groups leads to dehydrogenation and defluorination of PVDF, forming conjugated double bonds; due to their light absorption this causes the solution to discolor. During high-speed stirring and dispersion, the solution temperature should not be too high. High molecular weight PVDF, copolymerization and modification can all reduce discoloration. Generally discoloration does not affect PVDF performance and can be used safely depending on the situation; if the discoloration is very deep it may affect experimental results.

Question 35

Accepted Answer

LATP is stable with most cathodes; NCM811, LFP, and LCO all work. For the anode use graphite or low-silicon anodes; do not use lithium metal — LATP is unstable with lithium, and the titanium is easily reduced.

Question 36

Accepted Answer

rest 2h, 0.2C DC to 0V, 0.1C DC to 0V, 0.01C DC to 0V, 10 μA DC to 0V, rest 3 min, 0.1C CC to 2V — this is the first cycle gravimetric capacity test step

Question 37

Accepted Answer

Every current needs to discharge down to 0.005 V

Question 38

Accepted Answer

We don't have more cycling data updates for now; we will test and complete them later.

Question 39

Accepted Answer

It is normal; it should be on the official website. This varies with different electrolytes; 90%–94% is all normal.

Question 40

Accepted Answer

For our sodium nickel manganese iron oxide we use our own 12 4 2 separator. For the hard carbon capacity tests, our testing procedure is: rest 2 h, 0.2C DC to 0 V, 0.1C DC to 0 V, 0.01C DC to 0 V, 10 μA DC to 0 V, rest 3 min, 0.1C CC to 2 V.

Question 41

Accepted Answer

Lithium-indium alloy negative electrodes perform better at low currents and low loads; they can operate at high currents and high loads as well, but their stability with sulfide electrolytes worsens, and lithium-indium dendrite growth is more likely to penetrate the electrolyte, so long-term cycling performance deteriorates. Compared with pure lithium metal negative electrodes, however, lithium-indium can withstand somewhat higher currents, and the stress from lithium-indium dendrite growth is smaller, so it does not cause obvious structural damage to the electrolyte itself. In addition, the lithium-indium alloy is not the limiting factor for current (thickness is not the key); the current should be chosen based on a comprehensive analysis of the cathode, sulfide electrolyte, interfaces, battery processing, and other factors.

Question 42

Accepted Answer

Because the sintering temperature for ceramic plates reaches 1500–1600°C, they are generally used as inorganic fillers; I haven't done it myself so I'm not familiar. 2.8–4.3 V is acceptable.

Question 43

Accepted Answer

Use 5130 for high-nickel, use 900 for ordinary.

Question 44

Accepted Answer

Supplier values are often device-level capacitance, while lab results may be material-level values. Conversion factors apply. Commercial materials prioritize stability and reproducibility.

Question 45

Accepted Answer

LATP, LAGP, and NZSPO are stable to air and moisture and can be used in normal environments, but it is still best to keep the materials dry when assembling cells; LLZTO is more sensitive to moisture and must be handled in a glovebox or low-humidity room.

Question 46

Accepted Answer

LAGP, LATP, and NZSPO are water-stable. LLZO and LLTO are slightly sensitive to moisture; they can be exposed to air for short periods in a low-humidity room, but prolonged exposure will have some effect.

Question 47

Accepted Answer

The electrolyte pellets are simply ground and polished, then gold-sputtered on both faces, leaving the edges unsputtered. The gold-coated pellet is clamped between the two faces with a coin-cell test clip for measurement.

Question 48

Accepted Answer

They cannot be baked that high; there is still concern about separator shrinkage

Question 49

Accepted Answer

Currently commonly used are graphite, silicon–carbon, and lithium metal anodes. Silicon–carbon options use low silicon content to avoid excessive volume expansion. For lithium metal anodes, serious lithium dendrite growth must be considered in applications; lithium–indium alloy can be used to suppress the longitudinal growth of lithium dendrites to some extent.

Question 50

Accepted Answer

Yes, this thickness will not reduce conductivity (copper foil thickness has already reached 4 μm). We’re very sorry, we have not specifically measured this and currently have no data

Question 51

Accepted Answer

Confirm the voltage window of this fluoride. If it is conventional, LPSC or LLZO are fine; if it is high-voltage, prioritize LLZO.

Question 52

Accepted Answer

Particle size analyzer measured; under conditions of a drying oven with a dew point below -50°C, short-term rapid testing is fine.

Question 53

Accepted Answer

PVA is soluble in water, DMSO, DMF, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol. PVA is poorly soluble in anhydrous ethanol; at room temperature, adding PVA to anhydrous ethanol will not dissolve the PVA particles no matter how long you stir, and they remain as solid suspensions in the ethanol. Even with increased temperature, the improvement in PVA solubility in anhydrous ethanol is very limited.

Question 54

Accepted Answer

Ionic conductivity is on the product detail page of the official website. Some nano-scale modifications have been done, making water and air resistance slightly better. Specific details are not convenient to disclose.

Question 55

Accepted Answer

LATP-C: the micron powder is about 5 µm, the nanopowder about 300 nm. Particle size has little effect on sintered ionic conductivity but affects shrinkage; however, LATP’s shrinkage is very small, so the impact is minor. Powders with different particle sizes can also be mixed for pressing green bodies. Use a pressing pressure of 250–500 MPa and a sintering temperature of 800–1000°C. The sintering temperature for nanopowder is slightly lower than for micron powder.

Question 56

Accepted Answer

That molecular weight really hasn't been made public; it's a binder dedicated to lithium batteries, and the purity is very high.

Question 57

Accepted Answer

Hardness has not been tested. Check whether this item is listed in the material specification sheet

Question 58

Accepted Answer

No. The currently sold halide electrolytes still cannot withstand 5 V high voltage; they decompose under high voltage. LIC can theoretically reach 4.2 V; in practice it is used at about 3.7 V.

Question 59

Accepted Answer

Possible causes include poor cell assembly stability, material degradation at high rates, or lithium dendrite formation causing micro short circuits.

Question 60

Accepted Answer

Key factors include: 1) use carbon-coated aluminum foil as current collector; 2) use CNT conductive slurry; 3) nano-sulfur is preferred over sublimed sulfur; 4) optimize slurry formulation; 5) apply light coating; 6) optimize electrolyte amount; 7) ensure correct material selection. Other improvements depend on lab-specific know-how.

Question 61

Accepted Answer

The intermediate layer electrolyte between it and the anode is generally LPSC (Li6PS5Cl is more stable, micron-sized; nanopowder reacts somewhat more with lithium metal). When assembling the two electrolyte layers apply a relatively large pressure, about 300 MPa, to ensure the electrolyte layers are highly dense; after adding the lithium anode the applied pressure should be very low to avoid instability at the LPSC//LiIn interface.

Question 62

Accepted Answer

You can try ball-milling the LATP powder in anhydrous ethanol or isopropanol to increase the powder surface activity, then dry it before pressing and sintering. Alternatively, add a PVA binder solution; this requires adding a drying temperature hold and a binder burn-out hold during the sintering process, for example 100°C for 1 h and 500°C for 1 h, then raise to the sintering temperature. This is for reference only; specific parameters need experimental investigation.

Question 63

Accepted Answer

We don't have data on this anode material, but based on graphite, the electrode sheet color varies at different states of charge. You can ask the customer to perform an experiment: charge to different states, then disassemble the cell and observe

Question 64

Accepted Answer

Use high-nickel specific PVF

Equipment Size	Exterior Size: W980 * D1580 * H 920mm; Working Size: W400 * D400 * H500mm Volume: 80L (L)
Power	5.5KW
Power Supply	AC 220V 10%, Frequency: 50HZ
Equipment Weight	220kg

Studio Size	W400 * D400 * H500mm
volume	80L
Heating Rate	≥ 4.0 ℃/min Nonlinear No-load
Cooling Rate	≥ 1.2 ℃/min Nonlinear No-load
Temperature Waviness	± 0.5 ℃
temperature resolution	0.01 ℃
temperature range	-60 ℃ ~ 150 ℃
Temperature Deviation	± 2.0 ℃
Temperature Uniformity	Low Temperature Uniformity ± 1.0 ℃, High Temperature Uniformity ± 2.0 ℃

High and low temperature test chamber (80L,-60 ℃)

Details